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Best Novel Writing Courses [Become a Bestseller]

10/19/2023

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Best Novel Writing Courses [Become a Bestseller]


​Are you hoping to write a bestselling novel? If so, you need to learn the major storytelling elements that many bestselling books share. Fortunately, you can learn them online, in just a few days. Below, find my list of the best novel writing courses, with their prices. Whether you're a beginner author or an experienced writer looking to refine your skills, these online classes can help.
Best novel writing courses

Hit Writer Course for novelists


​My Hit Writer Course helps you turn your idea for a novel into a scene-by-scene outline, with a compelling plot and unforgettable characters, then provides guidance for writing the scenes, covering dialogue, description, and more.   

The online video lessons, which apply to any fiction genre, can be finished in just a day, or taken at any pace you'd like. You also get:

  • A blueprint document that guides you through outlining your own story
  • PDF documents with examples
  • Personal support from me - email or text me questions about the material and I'll personally respond

​Get  lifetime access for just $47.
Hit Writer Course - With Ted Galdi

Novel writing topics covered in my course


Here are just some of the writing topics you'll learn:

  • Characterization
  • Story structure
  • Plot development
  • Suspense
  • Theme​
  • Scene construction 
  • Dialogue
  • POV
  • Descriptive writing
  • Mood​

MasterClass novel writing courses


Though I teach my own classes, I also encourage you to learn from other writing instructors. MasterClass is a subscription-based, online-education platform I recommend. It offers lessons in various areas, from famous experts. A focus for MasterClass is its novel writing courses.    
MasterClass for writing

How much does a MasterClass subscription cost?


​A MasterClass Individual membership costs $10/month, billed yearly. Once you sign up, you immediately gain access to all of its novel writing courses (plus all of its other classes). They offer a 30-day, money-back guarantee.

​​I recommend you browse the MasterClass writing courses on their website. If just one of them seems like a fit for you, sign up for the 30-day trial, which you can take risk-free.
Try MasterClass Free

List of MasterClass courses for novelists

James Patterson
​
  • Bio: Thriller writer James Patterson is one of the highest-selling authors in the world.
  • Course length: 22 lessons, 4 hours.
  • Who it's for: Any fiction writer, but particularly, those in the thriller, mystery, or crime genres. 
Learn More

Judy Blume
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  • Bio: Author Judy Blume has sold over 85 million books.
  • Course length: 24 lessons, 5 hours.
  • Who it's for: Any fiction writer, but particularly, those looking to appeal to younger readers.
Learn More

R.L. Stine
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​
  • Bio: R.L. Stine is the bestselling author of the Goosebumps series.
  • Course length: 28 lessons, 4 hours.
  • Who it's for: Fiction writers looking to appeal to younger readers.
Learn More

Margaret Atwood
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​
  • Bio: Margaret Atwood is an award-winning author of historical and speculative fiction.
  • Course length: 23 lessons, 4 hours.
  • Who it's for: Any fiction writer, but particularly, those in the historical or speculative genres.
Learn More

Dan Brown
​
​
  • Bio: The author of The Da Vinci Code, Dan Brown has sold over 250 million copies of his books.
  • Course length: 19 lessons, 4 hours.
  • Who it's for: Any fiction writer, but particularly, those in the mystery, thriller, or adventure genres.
Learn More

Walter Mosley
​
​
  • Bio: Bestseller Walter Mosley has written over 60 books.
  • Course length: 13 lessons, 3 hours.
  • Who it's for: Any fiction writer.
Learn More

Neil Gaiman
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  • Bio: Neil Gaiman is the award-winning author of Coraline. 
  • Course length: 19 lessons, 5 hours.
  • Who it's for: Any fiction writer, but particularly, those in the fantasy genre.
Learn More

David Baldacci
​​​
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  • Bio: David Baldacci is the bestselling thriller author of the Memory Man series.
  • Course length: 18 lessons, 4 hours.
  • Who it's for: Any fiction writer, but particularly, those in the thriller, mystery, or crime genres. 
Learn More

Amy Tan
​​​​
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  • Bio: Amy Tan is the bestselling thriller author of The Joy Luck Club.
  • Course length: 14 lessons, 4 hours.
  • Who it's for: Any fiction writer.
Learn More

N.K. Jemisin
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  • Bio: N.K. Jemisin is an award-winning science-fiction and fantasy author.
  • Course length: 16 lessons, 5 hours.
  • Who it's for: Any fiction writer, but particularly, those in the science-fiction or fantasy genres. ​
Learn More

Udemy novel writing courses


Another online-education platform I recommend is Udemy. They offer some great novel writing classes, plus courses in plenty of other subjects.
Udemy writing courses

How much does Udemy cost?


Udemy courses are offered individually, each with its own price. Many of the writing classes range from about $50 to $150 bucks. You also have the option to get a subscription, which gives you access to 10,000+ courses. You can try it free for 7 days, then the price becomes $16.58/month.
Try Udemy Free

List of Udemy courses for novelists

Write a Bestselling Novel in 15 Steps

  • Course length: 54 lessons, 3.5 hours.
  • Focus: The principles of a compelling story, and how to apply them to an outline, in 15 steps.
Learn More

Novel Writing Workshop
​
  • Course length: 28 lessons, 5 hours.
  • Focus: Creating a captivating novel, plus developing a marketing plan for it.
Learn More

Your Path To Writing a Page-Turner
​​
  • Course length: 23 lessons, 4.5 hours.
  • Focus: Hooks, structure, setting, character development, and dialogue.
Learn More

Your Writer's Journey: 12 Steps to Write Your Hero's Journey
​​​
  • Course length: 14 lessons, 2 hours.
  • Focus: Creating a great main character.
Learn More

Skillshare novel writing courses


Another online-education platform I recommend is Skillshare. They offer various novel writing classes, plus courses in many other subjects.
Skillshare novel writing courses

How much does Skillshare cost?


Skillshare offers memberships. Once you sign up, you immediately gain access to all of the novel writing courses (plus all of the others). The first month is free.

​You can try it risk-free. Afterwards, it typically costs $14/month, billed annually, however, they're currently running a promotion for 30% off. ​Visit the deal page to claim their offer:
Claim Skillshare Offer

List of Skillshare courses for novelists

Novel Writing for Beginners: How to Write Your First Draft

  • Course length: 21 lessons, 1.5 hours.
  • Focus: A guide for new writers to complete their first novel.
Learn More

Nailing Your Narrative: Using Story Structure To Tell Irresistible Stories

  • Course length: 20 lessons, 2 hours.
  • Focus: Creating a story outline.
Learn More

How To Write A Book: Novel Writing
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  • Course length: 12 lessons, 1 hour.
  • Focus: Overviews of character, plot, and scene development.
Learn More

Write a Great Plot 101
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  • Course length: 20 lessons, 2 hours.
  • Focus: A deep dive on plot dynamics.
Learn More

Frequently asked questions about novel writing courses

How can I learn to write a novel?


​Taking an online writing course can teach you the key elements of a novel. You should also read many books and start writing your own, even if you're not ready to publish anytime soon. The act of writing will help you develop your skills and style. 

Should I take a writing class before writing a book?


Yes. First, learn the key elements of storytelling in a novel writing course. Without understanding them, you may spend months on a first draft that you find unworkable. Learn how to outline a story and structure a scene, then begin your novel, starting with an outline.

Which genres are online writing courses for?


​Most online novel writing courses teach principles that apply to any fiction genre. Other classes cover these principles, while also going into writing advice specifically for one genre, or possibly a handful. If you write in any of the following genres, the courses listed in this article would be a help to you:

  • Thriller
  • Mystery
  • Crime
  • Horror
  • Action
  • Adventure
  • Science fiction
  • Fantasy
  • Paranormal
  • Romance
  • Comedy
  • Literary
  • Historical
  • Speculative
  • Young adult
  • Middle grade 

What's the difference between MasterClass and Skillshare?


MasterClass has about 200 courses, taught by world-famous instructors. Though Skillshare's instructors tend to not be famous, the platform has over 30,000 classes, covering many narrow topics.

​To learn more, check out my article on Skillshare vs. MasterClass.  

What's the difference between Skillshare and Udemy?


​Skillshare and Udemy each offer a subscription option, with access to unlimited classes. A Skillshare subscription costs less than a Udemy one, about $10 per month vs. about $17. However, Udemy has more courses, over 200,000, plus lets you purchase any individually, without a subscription.

​To learn more, have a look at my post on 
Skillshare vs. Udemy.  

Is it worth taking a writing course?


Yes. Online writing courses are a very affordable way to learn key storytelling elements. They are much cheaper than college creative writing classes. The small amount of money you'd spend on a course can be earned back very quickly in sales royalties from a book.


​This post contains affiliate links.
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MasterClass for Writing - Should You Try it? [Courses and Reviews]

10/4/2023

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MasterClass for Writing - Should You Try it? [Courses and Reviews]


Are you hoping to write a hit book or screenplay? The writing courses on MasterClass can help. Learn writing techniques online, with self-paced video lessons from famous authors and screenwriters. In this article, I provide reviews of recommended MasterClass courses on book and screenplay writing from various instructors.   
MasterClass for writing

What is MasterClass?


MasterClass is an online-education platform that features video courses taught by accomplished people in various fields. Subscribers to MasterClass gain access to all courses on the platform.

​One of the areas MasterClass covers is writing. Since I'm a fiction writer, in this article, I focus on classes pertaining to books and scripts, however, MasterClass provides narrative writing courses in poetry and journalism too.

You can view all of the MasterClass writing courses on its website:       
View Writing Courses

Who are MasterClass writing courses for?


​MasterClass courses were designed with new writers in mind. You should be able to understand the material even if you haven't tried writing a book or screenplay yet.

Experienced authors or screenwriters may already be familiar with various topics covered, however, can surely pick up new tips.

​Certain classes revolve around book writing and others screenwriting. However, most of the underlying concepts the instructors speak about apply to both formats.

Some courses go into detail on specific genres - ex, thrillers - however, most of the underlying concepts apply to various genres across narrative writing.

If you are an author or screenwriter in any genre - or would like to be someday - all of the classes listed in this article should benefit you in some way.

​Here's a look at the major topics the courses cover...   

MasterClass writing topics


​Many lessons are aimed at helping writers create an outline for their story. Example topics:

  • Structure
  • Characterization
  • Plot

​Lessons also cover the writing stage after an outline is completed and a writer has moved on to creating scenes. Example topics:
​
  • Tension
  • Dialogue
  • Description

Finally, various lessons go over elements of a writing career that aren't directly related to what's written on a page. Example topics:

  • Conducting research
  • Getting a writing contract
  • Forming a writing schedule 

How much does MasterClass cost?


​A MasterClass Individual membership costs $10/month, billed annually. Subscribers receive instant access to all courses on the platform, which they can view on one device (ie, computer, tablet, phone, or TV).

For $15/month, billed annually, you can access all course content on two devices, known as the Duo membership. The Family membership - which costs $20/month billed annually - lets you access content on six devices. 

All three plans have a 30-day guarantee. If you aren't certain the platform is a fit for you, I encourage you to sign up and try it.

​If you'd rather not remain a member, you can easily cancel your subscription for a full refund.

MasterClass writing courses and reviews


​Below are overviews and links to MasterClass writing courses I recommend. I looked into classes in areas related to what I write.

​I am sure many other classes on MasterClass are helpful too. Just because a class isn't on this list, does not mean you should skip it. Possibly you write in an area much different than me (ex, children's books) and other classes may be of interest to you.

Once you subscribe to MasterClass, I suggest you browse all the writing classes and take as many as possible with material relevant to you.

My list of recommended classes, with reviews...

James Patterson MasterClass review

James Patterson MasterClass review

​James Patterson is the bestselling novelist of thriller series such as Alex Cross and Women's Murder Club. His MasterClass features 22 video lessons, covering topics like:
​
  • Story premises
  • Page-turning plots
  • Research
  • Outlining
  • Creating heroes and villains
  • Opening lines
  • Dialogue
  • Suspense
  • Endings
  • Editing
  • Titles and covers
  • Publishing
  • Marketing

I recommend this class to anyone interested in writing fast-paced fiction, particularly in the mystery and thriller genres. Though James Patterson is an author, the class would also be helpful for screenwriters. 

​To take the James Patterson MasterClass, just register on the website and you can start immediately:
Take Course

David Baldacci MasterClass review

David Baldacci MasterClass review

David Baldacci is the bestselling author of various thriller series. In his MasterClass, you can take 18 video lessons on topics like:
​
  • Story premises
  • Research
  • Outlining
  • Opening chapters
  • Pacing
  • Tension
  • Suspense
  • Character development
  • Dialogue
  • Action
  • Series writing
  • Writing schedules
  • Editing
  • The publishing industry

​I recommend this class to anyone interested in writing page-turning fiction, especially in the mystery and thriller genres. Though David Baldacci is a novelist, the lessons would apply to screenwriters too. 

​To take the David Baldacci MasterClass, just sign up on the website and you can begin immediately:
Take Course

Malcolm Gladwell MasterClass review

Malcolm Gladwell MasterClass review

Malcolm Gladwell is the bestselling author of non-fiction books such as The Tipping Point and Blink. Since Malcolm Gladwell writes in a narrative style, I've included his course on this list, even though his books aren't fiction. He teaches 24 video lessons, on topics like:

  • Story structure
  • ​Surprise and suspense
  • Research
  • Story development
  • ​Character development
  • Sentence structure
  • Tone
  • Titles
  • Editing
  • Promotion

I recommend this course to anyone interested in writing narrative non-fiction, or fiction, whether articles, short stories, or books. Screenwriters and documentary filmmakers could benefit from these lessons too.

​To take the Malcolm Gladwell MasterClass, just register on the website and you can start right away: 
Take Course

Aaron Sorkin MasterClass review

Aaron Sorkin MasterClass review

Aaron Sorkin is the acclaimed writer of The Social Network, The West Wing, and other films and television shows. His class offers 35 video lessons, on topics such as:

  • Character obstacles
  • Character development
  • Research
  • Engaging audiences
  • Pacing
  • Structure
  • Scene writing
  • Dialogue
  • Editing

I recommend this course to anyone interested in writing screenplays, teleplays, plays, or novels.

To take the Aaron Sorkin MasterClass, just sign up on the MasterClass website and you can start instantly:
Take Course

Neil Gaiman MasterClass review

Neil Gaiman MasterClass review

Neil Gaiman is a popular writer of short stories, novels, graphic novels, and more. His MasterClass features 19 video lessons, on topics like:
​
  • Writing voice
  • Story premises
  • Conflict and stakes
  • Short stories
  • Dialogue
  • Character development
  • Worldbuilding
  • Settings
  • Descriptions
  • Humor
  • Genre
  • Comic books
  • Editing

​I recommend this course to anyone interested in writing novels, short stories, screenplays, graphic novels, or comic books. Though the class may be particularly helpful to fantasy writers, any fiction writer could benefit from it.

To take the Neil Gaiman MasterClass, just sign up on the website and you can begin immediately:
Take Course

Dan Brown MasterClass review

Picture

Dan Brown is the bestselling author of The Da Vinci Code and other thriller novels. His course offers 19 video lessons, on topics such as: 

  • Heroes and villains
  • Character goals and obstacles
  • Ticking clocks
  • Story premises
  • Settings
  • Research
  • Suspense
  • Tension
  • Point of view
  • Exposition
  • Dialogue
  • Editing

​I recommend this class to anyone interested in writing mysteries and thrillers, whether in novel or screenplay form. The class could also be helpful to writers in other genres who are hoping to incorporate suspense into their stories.

To take the Dan Brown MasterClass, just register on the website and you can start instantly:
Take Course

David Mamet MasterClass review

David Mamet MasterClass review

David Mamet is the acclaimed writer of plays, such as Glengarry Glen Ross and American Buffalo, screenplays, and more. His class features 26 video lessons, on topics like:

  • Drama
  • Hero goals
  • Editing
  • Story premises
  • Character development
  • Plot structure
  • Dialogue
  • Narration
  • Exposition
  • Scene writing​

​I recommend this class to anyone interested in writing screenplays, plays, or novels.

To take the David Mamet MasterClass, just sign up on the MasterClass website and you can begin immediately:
Take Course

More recommended MasterClass courses for writers


The MasterClass courses listed above are designed for writers. Some other courses are designed for directors, however, address storytelling concepts a writer could find helpful. Below, I've provided a brief bio of these instructors and links to learn more about their classes:  

​David Lynch is the acclaimed screenwriter and director of the films Mulholland Drive, Blue Velvet, and more. To learn more about the David Lynch MasterClass, visit the course page. 

Martin Scorsese is the Oscar-winning director of Goodfellas, The Wolf of Wall Street, and other films. To learn more about the Martin Scorsese MasterClass, visit the course page.

​Judd Apatow is the popular screenwriter and director of the films Knocked Up, The 40-Year-Old Virgin, and more. To learn more about the Judd Apatow MasterClass, visit the course page.

Ron Howard is the Oscar-winning director of A Beautiful Mind, Backdraft, and other movies. To learn more about the Ron Howard MasterClass, visit the course page.

James Cameron is the Oscar-winning screenwriter and director of The Terminator, Aliens, and other films. To learn more about the James Cameron MasterClass, visit the course page.

Try MasterClass free


Do any of the MasterClass courses mentioned in this article seem like they could help you? If so, I suggest you sign up for MasterClass and start watching the lessons. You have a 30-day money-back guarantee. If the platform isn't right for you, easily cancel without losing a dime.

To begin your MasterClass free trial, just visit the website and select "Sign Up":
Start Free Trial

To learn more about MasterClass, check out my post on how it compares to Skillshare.

​
​This post contains affiliate links.
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Use These 10 Literary Devices to Tell an Awesome Story

6/12/2023

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Use These 10 Literary Devices to Tell an Awesome Story


If you're writing a book, screenplay, or short story, you want to captivate your audience with your characters and settings, build suspense, and deliver strong emotional payoffs. Literary devices are tools that can help. Though plenty of literary devices exist, these 10 are particularly useful in fiction and narrative non-fiction. Check out these examples and tips for using them to tell an awesome story.
Writing tips - Literary devices

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What is a literary device?


A literary device is a technique writers can use to make stories more engaging. These tactics can create suspense, evoke emotion, set up a plot twist, and more. Alliteration, symbolism, and foreshadowing are examples of literary devices.

10 literary devices for your story


Below are definitions of 10 powerful literary devices for your book, screenplay, or short story. Click the "Learn More" links to see examples of each literary device and tips for applying it to your story.  

#1 - Symbolism


​Symbolism is when an element of your story - like a character, setting, or object - represents an idea. The represented idea tends to play a significant role in the story's character development, plot, or theme. For instance, in a prison story, grass might be a symbol for freedom.

​Learn More

#2 - Tone


​Tone is the attitude a writer takes toward the events in a story. Though characters may have distinct attitudes, the literary device tone just refers to the attitude of the writer. Some examples of tone are optimistic, comedic, and regretful.

​Learn More

#3 - Mood


​Mood is the overall feeling of a scene. Chaotic, warm, and sad are examples of moods. One story can have many moods, since different scenes can create different emotional responses from an audience.

​Learn More

#4 - Imagery


​Imagery is a literary device writers use to connect with any of the audience's five senses: sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste. Imagery is often used in the descriptions of characters, settings, and plot events.

​Learn More

#5 - Metaphor


​A metaphor falsely asserts that one thing is another while creating a true, symbolic comparison. "The office is an igloo" is an example of a metaphor.

Learn More

#6 - Personification


​Personification is the granting of human qualities to non-human elements in a story, like vehicles, houses, and even concepts, such as hope or doubt.

Learn More ​

#7 - Foreshadowing


​Foreshadowing is a literary device writers use to allude to future events in a story. Two kinds exist: (1) Direct foreshadowing states a story event is to come (2) Indirect foreshadowing gives evidence of an event the audience does not anticipate.

​Learn More

#8 - Dramatic irony


​Dramatic irony is a literary device in which a writer gives information to the audience that a character, or multiple characters, is unaware of. The tactic can build suspense.

​Learn More

#9 - Motif


A motif is a repeating element in a story that plays a strong role in the story's theme. Motifs can be abstract ideas, like triumph or deceit. They can also be parts of your story's physical world, such as buildings, objects, colors, and noises.

​Learn More ​

#10 - Alliteration


​Alliteration is the repetition of a consonant sound at the start of two or more close-together words, as in "warm weather," with "w" the repeating sound.

​Learn More
10 literary devices

Why use literary devices?


Here are just some storytelling components literary devices can help you with:

  • Characterization
  • Settings
  • Reveals
  • Conflict
  • Action
  • Twists
  • Suspense
  • Tension
  • Mystery
  • Anticipation
  • Exposition
  • Thematic development
  • Dialogue
  • Narration
  • Emotional impact

What genres use literary devices?


Literary devices are used across fiction and narrative non-fiction. Some examples of genres that use literary devices:

  • Thriller
  • Mystery
  • Crime
  • ​Horror
  • Action
  • Adventure
  • Romance
  • Science fiction
  • Memoir
  • ​Comedy
  • ​Fantasy

How to use literary devices


​Literary devices should serve the story you're telling. Once you have an idea of your characters and your plot, and you begin writing your first draft, you'll need to accomplish various tasks to make any scene work.

For instance, let's say your main character in a thriller is running from three gunmen in a scene. For this scene to work, a task of yours could be making the audience fear for your protagonist's life. A combination of literary devices can be applied to accomplish that task.

​You can use dramatic irony to make your protagonist unaware of the danger lurking around the corner. Once the protagonist sees the gunmen, you can leverage mood to create a feeling of desperation. You can also apply imagery to show the physical effects of panic, like sweat and an accelerating heartbeat.

Think of literary devices like specialized tools. Let your story tasks dictate when and how you apply these tools.

What to avoid when using literary devices


As stated, the writing tasks you need to accomplish to make a scene work should determine what literary devices you use - avoid the opposite approach, ie, deciding you want to use a certain literary device and then bending the purpose of a scene just so the device can fit. 

You also want to avoid literary devices drawing attention to themselves. They should help your scenes flow, not cause the audience to focus on the device.

Certain devices, like alliteration, can draw attention to themselves if used too often. Other devices, like tone, can draw attention to themselves if shifted through a story.

Once you gain a deeper understanding of the 10 literary devices outlined above (with the "Learn More" links), you should have a good idea of how to apply them to your story in a natural way.
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Captivate Your Readers With Imagery: Definition, Examples, and Tips

6/11/2023

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Captivate Your Readers With Imagery: Definition, Examples, and Tips


​If you're writing a book, screenplay, or short story, you want to draw your readers deep into the world of your story. Imagery is a powerful literary device you can use to give your readers a vivid experience of your scenes. In this article, I provide the definition of imagery, examples, and tips for applying it in your story.
Writing tips - imagery

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What is imagery in writing?


Imagery is a literary device in which writers engage readers via language that evokes any of the five senses: sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste. Imagery is often applied to the descriptions of characters, settings, and plot events.

Why is imagery important?


Imagery is a literary device that creates a sensory connection between the reader and the physical world of the story. Scenes become more immersive because of this connection. After a reader finishes a scene, an effective use of imagery can make him say, "I felt like I was there."

The writing technique can also build empathy with characters, a key part of storytelling. If a reader is able to sense what a character is experiencing, the reader can better empathize with that character.

Below are two examples of a plot event, the first described without an emphasis on imagery, and the second with an emphasis on it. Which do you feel is stronger?

Example A

Becca walks through the woods to meet her friends at the campsite. She believes a killer is following her, so she takes off running. She runs for about a mile, reaches a street in a small town, and hides out in a diner.
​

Example B

Becca walks through a dark forest toward the campsite. Footsteps thud behind her. She looks over her shoulder, but sees nothing but the gnarled barks of trees. She heard a rumor about some weirdo who lives out here, but figured it was just an urban legend.

She keeps walking, the November air cold on her neck. The footsteps behind her return. She takes off running through the close-together trees. Her heart pounds. The branch of a pine tree hits her in the face. She spits a few pine needles out of her mouth.

Up ahead, the lights of a small town glisten beyond the evergreens. She dashes onto the street and rushes into the first building she sees, a diner. The place smells like apple pie. However, Becca is too nervous to eat. Shaking and huffing, she sinks onto a stool at the counter.

The 5 types of imagery in writing


Though the word imagery relates to sight, as a writing technique, imagery does not just apply to the visual - it relates to all five senses. Below are examples of the five types of imagery in writing:  

Visual imagery


With visual imagery, a writer uses language that lets readers imagine specific images. For example:

Over the silhouette of the mountaintops, a bolt of lightning rips through the sky. The rain, coming down at a sideways angle, smashes the body of Bill's car.

Sound imagery


​With sound imagery, a writer uses language that lets readers imagine specific sounds. For example:

Nick swings the crowbar into the department store's window. The glass shatters. Shards shower down on the pavement at his feet. He runs inside while the alarm wails. 

Scent imagery


​With scent imagery, a writer uses language that lets readers imagine specific scents. For example:

Kayla looks away from the TV. She sniffs the air. It smells like burnt wood. She swings open her bedroom door. The scent grows stronger. She notices smoke.

Taste imagery


​With taste imagery, a writer uses language that lets readers imagine specific tastes. For example:

Gary watches the waiter carry over the entrees at his favorite restaurant, Forge Steakhouse. He grabs his fork and knife and looks down at the twenty-four-ounce porterhouse set in front of him. He slices off a piece. It warms his entire mouth. He bites into it, the juice seeping out.

Tactile imagery


​With tactile imagery, a writer uses language that lets readers imagine specific sensations of touch. For example:

The bullet tears through Scott's thigh. The hot metal shreds his muscle. His entire leg flames with pain. 

Tips for applying imagery in your writing


Imagery can enhance almost any scene. However, you need to be careful about when and how to apply it. Here are some tips to follow:

#1 Avoid excessive adjective use


Imagery is a type of descriptive writing. When trying to be descriptive, some writers make the mistake of loading their sentences with adjectives. Feel free to use adjectives in your imagery, but don't overdo it.

A combination of vivid nouns and verbs can often make a point stronger, and in fewer words, than a series of adjectives.

#2 Use more imagery for more important story elements


Important characters, settings, and plot events warrant more detailed descriptions - and thus, more imagery.

When you describe a setting that will go on to play a major role in your story, feel free to go into detail about it. For instance, let's say you're telling a crime story and the villain and his crew often hang out at his auto body. The place will later serve as the setting for the climactic shootout.

You should go into specifics about things like the sounds of the mechanics' machines, the splotches of grease on the floor, the taste of the candy in the vending machine out in the hallway.

In the same story, your protagonist happens to stop at a coffee shop. The shop is only in one scene, just briefly. Spending five paragraphs describing the coffee shop wouldn't be warranted - the setting isn't important enough to the overall story.

#3 Vary the types of imagery


Giving the reader a visual sense of a scene is critical. Thus, you'll likely find yourself using visual imagery more than the other kinds. That's okay. However, be sure to work in the four other types.

That being said, you never want imagery to feel forced. Let's say you've used all the types of imagery in a certain scene except taste. If the scene doesn't call for a character to be tasting something, don't worry about getting in taste imagery.

You should never create additional imagery at the risk of your story events feeling unnatural.  

What genres use imagery?


​Imagery is used across fiction and narrative non-fiction. Some examples of genres that use imagery:

  • Thriller
  • Mystery
  • Crime
  • ​Horror
  • Action
  • Adventure
  • Romance
  • Science fiction
  • Memoir
  • ​Comedy
  • ​Fantasy
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​You might also like my posts on symbols and metaphors.
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Unlock the Power of Dramatic Irony for a Captivating Story

6/11/2023

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Unlock the Power of Dramatic Irony for a Captivating Story


​If you're writing a book, screenplay, or short story, you want to infuse it with as much suspense as possible. Dramatic irony is a powerful writing tool you can use to build suspense. In this article, I'll give you the definition of dramatic irony, provide examples, and offer tips for applying it to your story. 
Writing tips - dramatic irony

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What is dramatic irony?


Dramatic irony is a literary device in which a writer reveals information to the audience that one or more characters in the story don't know. The technique is used to build suspense.

How to build suspense with dramatic irony


Suspense occurs when a writer holds off on revealing information the audience cares about. In general, the more the audience cares about the information, and the longer the audience waits for the answer, the greater the feeling of suspense.

The audience's level of interest in a piece of information relates to how emotionally invested they are to the character(s) the information affects.

For example, if you've developed a great lead character the audience connects with, and then put that character in a dangerous situation, the audience should worry about the outcome of that situation: Will the protagonist make it out alive?

As the audience waits to see how the situation plays out, a strong sense of suspense will develop.

To create suspense with the dramatic irony writing technique, follow these steps:

  1. Put a character the audience cares about in a situation with major consequences
  2. Make the predicament clear to the audience
  3. Keep the character unaware of the predicament

Since the character doesn't even know about the explosive situation he's in, he doesn't do anything to help himself. This idea of helplessness makes a negative outcome seem more likely, and drives up the tension. 

How POV relates to dramatic irony


Dramatic irony is rooted in information imbalance - your audience knows something certain character(s) don't. The POV you tell your story from will limit the level of information your audience can know that specific characters don't.

For instance, if you're telling a story from a first-person POV, with your main character as the subject of every scene, your audience wouldn't be able to know anything your lead character doesn't. Since the protagonist is directly telling the story, whatever the audience learns would come from him.

Thus, with first-person POV, you wouldn't be able to apply dramatic irony to any predicaments your main character is in. However, if you went with a third-person POV, you would have the option to put your protagonist into a dynamic with dramatic irony.

With a third-person POV, your main character does not need to be in every scene. You can show a dangerous situation developing in a place your main character is not yet in, then have the lead character arrive a few scenes later.  

​If you plan to create suspense via dramatic irony, be mindful of selecting a POV for your story that permits the intended information imbalances.

Examples of dramatic irony


Let's look at examples of dramatic irony across three popular genres: thriller, romance, and comedy.

Dramatic irony in a thriller


Scene A

Wesley, the villain, gets on a train. Its number, 208, is stamped on the front. He hides a bomb in a luggage compartment. No passengers or staff notice. The bomb is set to go off at 8 AM, in thirty-two minutes. Wesley gets off at the next stop.

Scene B

Ryan, the protagonist, is waiting at a train station for his daily commute to the office. A train with "208" on the front stops at the station and Ryan gets on. He calmly reads emails on his phone. The time is 7:45 AM. He writes an email. The time is now 7:54 AM.

Dramatic irony in a romance


Scene A

​Lydia, the main character, is getting ready for a date with a man named Paul, at a restaurant called Avery Cafe. This date would be her first since her bad breakup with Charles, who cheated on her with her former best friend.

Scene B

​Charles and Lydia's former best friend pull up to a valet in his car. Holding hands, they walk inside a restaurant, an "Avery Cafe" sign out front.

Inside, they're seated at a table. Paul is seated at a nearby table for two. The seat across from his is still empty. He's never met Charles or Lydia's ex-best friend, so doesn't recognize them. Paul seems to notice his guest walk in. He stands and waves.

Dramatic irony in a comedy


Scene A

​Hal, the protagonist, receives a call from his boss to join him at a prospect's house to demo the new product Hal invented. Hal, excited, says he'll be right there.

As a child, Hal was attacked by a flock of birds and wet his pants. Now an adult, he has a psychological complex about the incident - if he's too close to a bird, he risks wetting his pants. Embarrassed, he has never told anyone about this except his therapist.

Scene B

Hal's boss is inside a mansion with an eccentric businessman. The businessman has over a dozen exotic pets. One is a large bird, perched on his shoulder. Hal's boss tells the prospect that Hal should be here in five minutes.

Dramatic irony's inverse


To keep your scenes fresh, you shouldn't just rely on dramatic irony to create suspense. Its inverse is a very effective tool as well: A character knows something the audience doesn't. 

Give a character the answer to a question the audience wants to know, however, don't reveal the answer right away, building suspense.

For example, Jen goes into her parents' attic. She screams. The scene ends. In the subsequent scene, she is shocked and nervous. She clearly saw something in the attic that petrified her, however, the audience has not been told what. 

She keeps the sight a secret through most of the story, not telling her parents or anyone else about it.
​
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